- Class Notes and Comments
- Memorize the [Definite] Article
- Installing the Greek Pronunciation CD
- Heads Up! for Lesson 3
- Class Notes and Comments
Lesson 1
1. Learn the alphabet and pronunciation of all letters and diphthongs by heart by next week.
2. Use either the Historical (Modern) Pronunciation of Greek (HPG) or Buth's Phonemic Koine Greek (PKG). I will probably at times shift between the two, as they are nearly identical.
HPG - 5 vowel system - how Greek is spoken today; pronunciation used on Caragounis CD:
1. ι = ει = η = οι = υ = "ee"
2. ε = αι = "eh"
3. α = "ah, uh"
4. ο = ω = "oh"
5. ου = "oo"
PKG - 7 vowel system - possibly historically more accurate; makes learning the spelling of words a little easier; can easily adapt to HPG/Modern Greek with only very minor changes; pronunciation used on word-picture CDs:
1. ι = ει = "ee"
2. η = "ey"
3. υ = οι = "u" (French u)
4. ε = αι = "eh"
5. α = "ah, uh"
6. ο = ω = "oh"
7. ου = "oo"
3. The "rough breathing" ("h" sound before some initial vowels or diphthongs, and initial ρ) was no longer sounded by New Testament times, though it appears in printed New Testament texts and continued to affect spelling (e.g., ουχ, rather than ουκ, was still used before vowels with a rough breathing mark).
4. Consonant clusters that can begin a word - e.g., στ (σταυρος) - are not split when dividing a word into syllables: e.g., it's α-πο-στο-λος, not α-ποσ-το-λος. The more modern initial consonant clusters like μπ ("b" sound) and ντ ("d" sound) do not appear to have been used as initial consonants in NT times, and would be split when they occur in the middle of a word when dividing words into syllables: e.g., it's παν-τες, not πα-ντες.
5. Accent rules are useful when translating from English to Greek, but are of secondary importance in this course, as you will primarily be reading and translating already-accented Greek. One should learn the rules that Croy teaches, though, as they help in spelling, and knowledge of accenting can differentiate between some words or some types of words - e.g., "liquid" verbs (Lesson 22 Section 155) differentiate between the present active indicative and the future active indicative only by the placement and type of the accent. See the earlier post, More on Accents.
Lesson 2
9. Learn the vocabulary by heart before doing the Exercises. Write out the words, make or buy and use flashcards, and/or buy vocabulary books. There is vocabulary software (some for purchase, and some for free) that some people find useful. Do whatever works best to help you learn the words. It is only by mastering a reasonable size vocabulary (which I would consider to be knowing at least all the words that occur 25x or more in the New Testament - or better yet, 20x or more) that one can begin to enjoy reading the New Testament, because one is then not constantly having to look up words. Of course, one also needs to be able to recognize the forms of the words to know what one is reading, so grammar can't be separated from vocabulary in terms of being important for being able to read the Greek New Testament.
See Sidebar for Lesson 2 vocabulary (MS Excel - as noted, you will need to install the TekniaGreek font to read the Greek characters), including the extra word from the LXX-NT vocabulary (φιλεω = "I love" - shown as φιλω (Present Active Indicative 1st-Person Singular) in the LXX-NT vocabulary list), plus the two additional extra words, αναβλεπω = "I regain my sight" or "I look up" and ναι = "yes." These come from words that occur 25x or more and are not in the book, or not in the LXX and NT Exercise vocabulary list for the Lesson. Audio files of the words are in the Sidebar.
10. Verbs have Tense, Voice, Mood, Person, Number. E.g.: Present (Tense), Active (Voice), Indicative (Mood), Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd), Number (singular, plural). When you parse a verb, you give these 5 things, plus the lexical (dictionary) form and the translation. E.g.:
λυομεν - Present Active Indicative 1st-Person Plural (PAI1P) of λυω = "We are loosening"
Nice to know (but not need to know now) information:
Tenses: Present, Imperfect, Future, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect
Voices: Active, Middle, Passive
Moods: Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative, Optative, Infinitive, Participle (some say that Infinitive and Participle are Modes, not Moods)
Persons: 1st, 2nd, 3rd
Numbers: Singular, Plural
11. & 12. Learn the Present Active Indicative and Present Active Infinitive endings by heart before doing the Exercises:
Present Active Indicative
Singular
1 -ω
2 -εις
3 -ει
Plural
1 -ομεν
2 -ετε
3 -ουσι(ν)
Present Active Infinitive -ειν (no person or number)
14. Do all the Exercises. Add the word φιλεω (shown as φιλω in the list) = "I love" to your vocabulary to memorize. φιλεω is a "contract verb" (Lesson 21 Section 145), and the ε contracts with the ω so that only the ω (with a circumflex accent) is left. Though it conjugates just like λυω (Section 11), because of the way the ε contracts with the "connecting vowels" (ε or ο) between the verb stem and the ending, its verb endings look slightly different. You should still be able to recognize and translate it, though. If you are interested in seeing how the ε contract verbs like φιλεω contract in the Present Active Indicative, view the chart at Section 351, p. 242, for ποιεω.
- Memorize the [Definite] Article
Singular
- nominative: masculine - feminine - neuter
- genitive: masculine -feminine - neuter
- dative: masculine - feminine - neuter
- accusative: masculine -feminine - neuter
- nominative: masculine - feminine - neuter
- genitive: masculine -feminine - neuter
- dative: masculine - feminine - neuter
- accusative: masculine -feminine - neuter
To aid in recognizing and memorizing the article, note (per the colors in the paradigm chart):
- the masculine and neuter forms are identical in the genitive and dative
- for the singular and the plural, the neuter nominative and accusative forms are identical
- the genitive plural is the same for all three genders
- ι, whether as a full letter or as a subscript ι, is an indicator for the dative case
- feminine forms are characterized by η or α, and masculine and neuter forms by ο or ω
| Singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | oh | ee / ey | toh |
| genitive | too | teece / tace | too |
| dative | toh | tee / tay | toh |
| accusative | tohn | teen / tane | toh |
| Plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | ee / u | eh | tah |
| genitive | tohn | tohn | tohn |
| dative | teece / tuce | tess | teece / tuce |
| accusative | tooce | tahs | tah |
- Installing the Greek Pronunciation CD
Windows Systems
- Microsoft Windows 95, 98, ME, 2000, XP or NT 4.0
- Pentium II (or higher) PC
- At least 32 MB RAM
- 50 MB free disk space for Java JRE and program files
- CD-ROM drive
- Copy all files to a new directory on your hard disk
- Run the "Install Greek Font" batch file (If this doesn't install the fonts so you see the Greek characters in the Lessons, use the usual method of installing fonts - i.e., go to Start - Control Panel - Fonts - File - Install New Font - browse to the directory/folder with the fonts - Select all)
- Restart your computer (this may or may not be necessary)
- Go to the directory where you copied the files and run the "RUN_NTG" batch file (RUN_NTG.BAT) by double-clicking the left mouse button on the filename.
- Heads Up! For Lesson 3
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